HDR

HDR is a method that aims to add more "dynamic range" to photographs, where dynamic range is the ratio of light to dark in a photograph. Instead of just taking one photo, HDR uses three photos, taken at different exposures. You can then use image editing software to put those three images together and highlight the best parts of each photo.
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AV and TV

AV is used to take images which have the background is blurred. It allows the camera to have aperture priority, this means you can adjust the aperture according to the situation you are in, Then the camera will automatically adjust the ISO and the shutter speed to match the aperture to make the picture a good exposure.

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TV is used to give your camera shutter priority. Shutter priority is used when taking images of moving subjects. The camera then sets the other settings to match with the shutter speed. To make the image as best as possible.

Shutter speed refers to the length of time that you actually take the picture for. This is another method of controlling the amount of light that hits your sensor. A fast shutter speed allows less light to be captured, a slower speed will do the opposite. Faster shutter speeds are used for freezing images in their moment of time. Slower speeds can allow for moving items to “drag” across your image. You can do some really cool things these days with long exposures (very, very slow shutter speeds).
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